日益健全的生態(tài)與環(huán)境監(jiān)測體系
為監(jiān)測青藏高原的生態(tài)環(huán)境變化，中國建立了較為完備的監(jiān)測體系，包括中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)、高寒區(qū)地表過程與環(huán)境監(jiān)測研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及環(huán)保、國土、農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、水利、氣象等專業(yè)觀測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，形成了天地一體化的監(jiān)測預(yù)警體系。中國生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)在青藏高原及周邊建有森林、草地、農(nóng)田和荒漠等8個不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型的觀測臺站，對高原生態(tài)系統(tǒng)變化開展長期的定位監(jiān)測，揭示生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及環(huán)境要素的變化規(guī)律及其動因。高寒區(qū)地表過程與環(huán)境監(jiān)測研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)實現(xiàn)了對青藏高原地表環(huán)境變化過程的連續(xù)監(jiān)測?！笆濉逼陂g，氣象部門在青藏高原增建了9部新一代天氣雷達(dá)、18個高空氣象觀測站、123個國家級地面氣象觀測站、1361個區(qū)域氣象觀測站，發(fā)射了3顆風(fēng)云系列氣象衛(wèi)星，完善了氣象觀測試驗站網(wǎng)。西藏自治區(qū)和青海省目前分別建成國家地表水考核斷面22個和19個、國控城市空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測站點18個和11個。在一些重點區(qū)域，如三江源地區(qū)，相關(guān)部門構(gòu)建了星－機(jī)－地生態(tài)綜合立體監(jiān)測與評估系統(tǒng)，建立了該區(qū)域時間序列最長、數(shù)據(jù)項最全的高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)庫。生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)的健全與數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的提高，促進(jìn)了環(huán)境管理水平和效率大幅提升。
An improved eco-environmental monitoring system
To monitor eco-environmental changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China has set up a relatively complete monitoring and early-warning system that integrates air and land networks, including a Chinese ecosystem research network, a network for monitoring and studying
earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, and observation networks in environmental protection, land, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and some other fields. Under the Chinese ecosystem research network, observation stations for eight different ecosystems, including forest, grassland, farmland and desert, have been set up on the Plateau and surrounding areas, offering long-term located monitoring of changes of the Plateau ecosystem and thus revealing laws for and causes of changes in the ecosystem and environmental factors. With the network for monitoring and studying earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, researchers have performed continuous monitoring of environmental change on the Plateau surface. During the 12th Five-year Plan period, meteorological departments set up nine new-generation weather radars, 18 aerological observation stations, 123 state-level ground meteorological observation stations, and 1,361 regional meteorological observation stations, and launched three Fengyun meteorological satellites, thereby improving the network of meteorological observation and test stations. Tibet Autonomous Region has set up 22 state-level surface water inspection sections and 18 state-controlled air quality monitoring stations; the corresponding figures for Qinghai Province are 19 and 11. In some key areas, for example Sanjiangyuan, relevant departments have established a satellite-aircraft-earth integrated, stereoscopic monitoring and evaluation system, and a high-quality database spanning the longest time period and containing the most data items in this area. With improved ecological and environmental monitoring networks and enhanced data quality, environmental governance has improved greatly in terms of capability and efficiency.
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