生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度是國家保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要舉措。國家在青藏高原建立了重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付、森林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、濕地生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償?shù)壬鷳B(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。2008－2017年，中央財(cái)政分別下達(dá)青海、西藏兩省區(qū)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付資金162.89億元和83.49億元，補(bǔ)助范圍涉及兩省區(qū)77個(gè)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)縣域和所有國家級禁止開發(fā)區(qū)。
“十五”（2001－2005年）以來，西藏自治區(qū)獲得國家下達(dá)的森林、草原、濕地、重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)等各類生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金累計(jì)達(dá)316億元。其中，“十二五”（2011－2015年）期間，國家累計(jì)下達(dá)西藏草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)資金108.8億元。2015年以來，自治區(qū)探索建立野生動(dòng)物肇事補(bǔ)償機(jī)制，投入8500萬元幫助牧民減輕因野生動(dòng)物肇事帶來的損失。
The ecological compensation mechanism is an important step taken by the state to protect the environment. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, China has initiated a series of ecological compensation mechanisms, including transfer payments to key ecological function zones, forest ecological benefit compensation, grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward, and wetland ecological benefit compensation. In 2008-2017, the central government made transfer payments of RMB16.29 billion and RMB8.35 billion to the key ecological function zones in Qinghai and Tibet, covering 77 key counties and all areas prohibited to development by the state.
Since the 10th Five-year Plan period (2001-2005), Tibet Autonomous Region has received RMB31.6 billion in ecological compensation for its forests, grasslands, wetlands, and key ecological function zones. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), the state paid a total of RMB10.9 billion to Tibet in grassland conservation subsidy and rewards. Since 2015, the autonomous region has been experimenting with a compensation program for damage caused by wildlife, mitigating herdsmen’s losses to a total amount of RMB85 million.
國家對青海省生態(tài)建設(shè)投入力度不斷加大。2013年起，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)安排資金164億元，陸續(xù)實(shí)施了草原、森林和濕地等生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償類項(xiàng)目。為實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)保護(hù)和脫貧有機(jī)結(jié)合，青海省推出生態(tài)公益管護(hù)員制度，每年安排補(bǔ)助資金8.8億元?！笆濉币詠?，青海省有62.23萬戶農(nóng)牧民住房得到改善，162.4萬人喝上潔凈水，65萬無電人口用上可靠電，人民生活水平得到較大改善。云南省迪慶州自2009年起實(shí)施公益林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償制度，至2017年國家累計(jì)補(bǔ)助資金達(dá)11.03億元。2017年，四川省甘孜州和阿壩州有效管護(hù)集體公益林分別為128.23萬公頃和69.60萬公頃，公益林森林生態(tài)效益年度補(bǔ)償資金分別為2.84億元和1.54億元。
二、生態(tài)保育成效顯著
Funds to encourage ecological progress in Qinghai Province have been increased. Since 2013, the central government has allotted a total of RMB16.4 billion in ecological compensation for grasslands, forests and wetlands in Qinghai. To integrate conservation and poverty reduction, Qinghai has initiated a public ranger program to monitor the environment, with an annual subsidy of RMB880 million. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period the state has helped 622,300 farming and herding households in Qinghai to obtain better housing, provided clean drinking water to 1.6 million people, and ensured reliable power access to 650,000 people. This represents a considerable improvement of quality of life. In Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan Province, an ecological compensation mechanism for public benefit forests has been in place since 2009, receiving a total of RMB1.1 billion in state subsidies by 2017. In 2017, Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province had 1,282,300 ha of public benefit forests under effective protection and received RMB284 million in ecological compensation; the corresponding figures for Aba Prefecture were 696,000 ha and RMB154 million.
II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation
20世紀(jì)60年代以來，特別是90年代以來，中國政府在青藏高原部署了類型多樣的生態(tài)保育工程，包括野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)及自然保護(hù)區(qū)建設(shè)、重點(diǎn)防護(hù)林體系建設(shè)、天然林資源保護(hù)、退耕還林還草、退牧還草、水土流失治理以及濕地保護(hù)與恢復(fù)等。西藏自治區(qū)實(shí)施了生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)工程和“兩江四河”（雅魯藏布江、怒江、拉薩河、年楚河、雅礱河、獅泉河）流域造林綠化工程等。青海省實(shí)施了祁連山“山水林田湖草”生態(tài)保護(hù)修復(fù)工程、青海湖流域生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與綜合治理工程、三江源生態(tài)保護(hù)和建設(shè)等重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程。2011年，《青藏高原區(qū)域生態(tài)建設(shè)與環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃（2011－2030年）》頒布實(shí)施。一系列生態(tài)建設(shè)工程的實(shí)施在生態(tài)保育方面取得了積極效果，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化的趨勢得到控制，生物多樣性持續(xù)恢復(fù)，一些重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程區(qū)的生態(tài)功能全面好轉(zhuǎn)。
Since the 1960s, and especially over the last three decades, the Chinese government has put in place various ecosystem conservation projects, including wildlife protection and nature reserve development, the construction of key shelter forests, natural forest conservation, returning farmland to forest and grassland, restoring grazing land to grassland, water and soil conservation, and wetland conservation and restoration. The Tibet Autonomous Region has implemented a project for the protection and construction of an eco-safety barrier, and a project for afforestation in the basins of the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong, and Shiquan rivers. Qinghai Province implemented a project for the conservation and restoration of the Qilian Mountain ecosystem, composed of mountains, rivers, forest, farmland, lakes, and grassland, a project for the conservation and comprehensive improvement of the Qinghai Lake ecosystem, and a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve. In 2011, the Chinese government issued and implemented the Plan for Regional Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2011-2030). A number of eco-projects have been implemented, achieving positive results in ecosystem conservation, bringing under control the degradation of the local ecosystem, restoring the biodiversity, and the ecological functions of several regions where key eco-projects were implemented have been comprehensively improved.
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