與此同時，西藏、青海、四川、甘肅、云南等省區(qū)結(jié)合高原實際，制定了與生態(tài)文明建設相關的地方性法規(guī)和實施辦法。西藏自治區(qū)制定了《關于著力構(gòu)筑國家重要生態(tài)安全屏障 加快推進生態(tài)文明建設的實施意見》《關于建設美麗西藏的意見》《西藏自治區(qū)環(huán)境保護考核辦法》等。青海省制定了《青海省生態(tài)文明制度建設總體方案》《青海省生態(tài)文明建設促進條例》《青海省創(chuàng)建全國生態(tài)文明先行區(qū)行動方案》等。四川省制定了《四川省自然保護區(qū)管理條例》等。甘肅省制定了《甘肅祁連山國家級自然保護區(qū)管理條例》等。云南省制定了《迪慶州“兩江”流域生態(tài)安全屏障保護與建設規(guī)劃》《滇西北生物多樣性保護行動計劃》等。青藏高原諸省區(qū)生態(tài)文明制度體系基本形成。
自然保護地體系初步建立
Each taking into account their local geographical conditions, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan have formulated their own regulations and measures regarding ecological conservation. The Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Opinions on Building an Important National Barrier for Ecological Security and Accelerating Ecological Progress, Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, and Measures of Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Conservation Appraisal. Qinghai Province released the General Plan of Qinghai Province on Developing a System for Ecological Progress, Regulations of Qinghai Province on Promoting Ecological Progress, and Action Plan of Qinghai Province on Pioneering an Ecological Model. Sichuan issued the Regulations of Sichuan Province on the Management of Nature Reserves; Gansu, the Regulations on the Management of Qilian Mountain State Nature Reserve; and Yunnan, the Plan on the Protection of the Two Rivers Ecological Barrier in Deqen Prefecture and Action Plan on the Protection of Biodiversity in Northwest Yunnan. Through these efforts a system has been established in all relevant provinces and autonomous regions to ensure ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
A system of protected natural areas has been set up.
自然保護地體系是保護生物多樣性、維護自然資本和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務、保障國家乃至全球民眾福祉的重要管理手段。目前，青藏高原自然保護地體系正在由以自然保護區(qū)為主體向以國家公園為主體轉(zhuǎn)變。
1963年，青藏高原第一個國家級自然保護區(qū)（現(xiàn)白水江國家級自然保護區(qū)）成立。1994年《中華人民共和國自然保護區(qū)條例》頒布實施后，明確了自然保護區(qū)等級體系、管理機構(gòu)和功能區(qū)，青藏高原的自然保護區(qū)建設進入快速穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段。目前，青藏高原已經(jīng)建成各級自然保護區(qū)155個（其中國家級41個、省級64個），面積達82.24萬平方公里，約占高原總面積的31.63%，占中國陸地自然保護區(qū)總面積的57.56%，基本涵蓋了高原獨特和脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及珍稀物種資源。
The system of protected natural areas is an important means of management to protect biodiversity, preserve natural capital, maintain ecosystem services, and safeguard the wellbeing of Chinese people and the peoples of the world. Currently the protected natural areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are more and more composed of national parks than of nature reserves.
In 1963, the Plateau delineated its first state nature reserve (now the Baishuijiang State Nature Reserve). The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Nature Reserves, promulgated in 1994, defined the ranking system, the management structure and the function zones of nature reserves, ushering in a period of rapid development of nature reserves on the Plateau. To date, the Plateau has established in total 155 nature reserves at all levels (41 state and 64 provincial ones), covering a total area of 822,400 sq km. This is equivalent to 31.63 percent of the Plateau’s landmass and represents 57.56 percent of China’s land nature reserve areas. Basically, all of the Plateau’s unique and fragile ecosystems and rare species can be found in these reserves.
隨著生態(tài)文明體制改革的深入推進，中國政府提出建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系。2016年，國家正式批準《三江源國家公園體制試點方案》，這是中國第一個國家公園體制改革試點，核心是實現(xiàn)三江源重要自然生態(tài)資源國家所有、全民共享、世代傳承。青海省制定了《三江源國家公園條例（試行）》，從公園本底調(diào)查、保護對象、產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、資產(chǎn)負債表、生物多樣性保護、生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測、文化遺產(chǎn)保護、生態(tài)補償、防災減災、檢驗檢疫等方面對公園管理做出明確規(guī)定。2018年1月，國家發(fā)展改革委印發(fā)《三江源國家公園總體規(guī)劃》，進一步明確了三江源國家公園建設的基本原則、總體布局、功能定位和管理目標等。三江源國家公園建設將為青藏高原及周邊地區(qū)的綠色發(fā)展發(fā)揮引領和示范作用。
生態(tài)補償制度得到確立
As China reforms its system for ecological progress, the government has issued a directive to establish a system of protected natural areas, with state parks as the main element. In 2016, the state ratified the Plan for the Trial Run of the State Park at Sanjiangyuan (literally, source of three large rivers), the first pilot reform program to introduce state parks in China. The core aim is to make sure that the ecological resources of the Sanjiangyuan area, where the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River converge, are owned by the state, shared by the people, and passed down to future generations. The Regulations of Sanjiangyuan State Park (Trial), issued by Qinghai Province, defines clear provisions on the parks’ management in terms of background survey, targets of protection, ownership structure, assets and liabilities, biodiversity preservation, environmental monitoring, cultural legacy protection, ecological compensation, disaster prevention and reduction, and inspection and quarantine. In January 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission released the Overall Plan of Sanjiangyuan State Park, which further clarified the principles of running the park, its layout, functions, and management targets. The park will serve as a role model to guide green development on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in surrounding areas.
An ecological compensation mechanism is in place.
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