隨著國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的不斷推進，青藏高原生態(tài)文明建設(shè)相關(guān)政策和法規(guī)日益完善，高原生態(tài)文明制度體系逐步健全。
生態(tài)文明建設(shè)法律法規(guī)逐步完善
近年來，國家制定或修改了《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法》《中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法》《中華人民共和國水污染防治法》《中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法》《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護稅法》《中華人民共和國環(huán)境影響評價法》《中華人民共和國野生動物保護法》《中華人民共和國水法》《中華人民共和國氣象法》《中華人民共和國草原法》等。這些法律的制定和實施，為青藏高原生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與區(qū)域社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提供了重要的法律制度保障。
As China advances in environmental conservation, it is also improving its ecology-related policies and regulations for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to form an increasingly complete system for ensuring ecological progress.
Ecology-related laws and regulations have been improved.
In recent years China has enacted, amended or revised the following laws:
? Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China,
? Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China,
? Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China,
? Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environment Pollution Caused by Solid Wastes,
? Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China,
? Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment,
? Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife,
? Water Law of the People’s Republic of China,
? Meteorology Law of the People’s Republic of China, and
? Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China.
The promulgation and implementation of these laws has provided a legal guarantee for protecting the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and boosting regional socio-economic development.
2015年，《中共中央國務(wù)院關(guān)于加快推進生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的意見》和《生態(tài)文明體制改革總體方案》發(fā)布，提出生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和生態(tài)文明體制改革的總體要求、目標(biāo)愿景、重點任務(wù)和制度體系，明確了路線圖和時間表。目前，中國已建立起覆蓋全國的主體功能區(qū)制度和資源環(huán)境管理制度，中央環(huán)保督察實現(xiàn)了31個省區(qū)市全覆蓋，對省以下環(huán)保機構(gòu)監(jiān)測監(jiān)察執(zhí)法實行垂直管理，并全面實行河長制、湖長制及控制污染物排放許可制。開展按流域設(shè)置環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法機構(gòu)試點，增強流域環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法合力，實現(xiàn)流域環(huán)境保護統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、統(tǒng)一環(huán)評、統(tǒng)一監(jiān)測、統(tǒng)一執(zhí)法。確立生態(tài)文明建設(shè)目標(biāo)評價考核、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部自然資源資產(chǎn)離任審計等監(jiān)督機制，形成環(huán)保職責(zé)明確、追究嚴格的責(zé)任制度鏈條，落實“黨政同責(zé)”“一崗雙責(zé)”。推動建立生態(tài)保護紅線制度，制定自然資源統(tǒng)一確權(quán)登記、自然生態(tài)空間用途管制辦法和全民所有自然資源資產(chǎn)有償使用制度改革的指導(dǎo)意見，推進“多規(guī)合一”、國家公園體制等試點。健全生態(tài)保護補償機制，設(shè)置跨地區(qū)環(huán)保機構(gòu)生態(tài)環(huán)境損害賠償制度改革試點。
Two documents were issued in 2015, and they were the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Accelerating Ecological Progress, and the General Plan for Reforming the System for Ecological Conservation, laying out the overall requirements, prospected goals, key tasks, and institutional arrangements to ensure ecological progress and reform the ecological sector, complete with a roadmap and timetable. To date, China has established a nationwide system of main functional areas and a resource-environment administration system. The central supervisory mechanism for environmental protection covers all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with the central environment watchdog directly overseeing the activities of environmental protection organs below provincial level, such as those commissioned for environmental monitoring, inspection, and law enforcement. It has also put in place a “river and lake chief” system – where selected local Party and government officials ensure their assigned rivers and lakes are free from pollution – and a licensing mechanism for controlling pollutant discharge. China has run pilot programs to carry out river basin-related environment monitoring and law enforcement, in order to strengthen supervision in different river basins and boost synergistic law enforcement, and to have unified planning, standards, assessment, monitoring, and law enforcement activities within the same basins. To assess the performance of officials in providing leadership to ecological conservation, China has set up an ecological goal appraisal system, and a supervisory system for auditing the natural resource assets when a relevant official leaves office. In this way, a clear-cut and rigorous liability mechanism has been put in place so that both Party and government officials take responsibility for environmental protection, and they both fulfill official duties and uphold clean governance. The state has set red lines for ecological conservation, and put in force unified registration of natural resource rights, measures for managing natural and ecological space, and guidelines on reforming paid use of natural resource assets owned by the whole people. Different regulations and measures have been integrated for simplification, and pilot programs on state parks have been rolled out. China has improved its ecological compensation mechanism, and run trials to reform the ecological damage compensation system coordinated between cross-regional environmental protection institutions.
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