對(duì)外商投資實(shí)行準(zhǔn)入前國民待遇加負(fù)面清單管理模式，是中國適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化新形勢(shì)和國際投資規(guī)則變化的制度變革。2016年9月，全國人大常委會(huì)對(duì)《外資企業(yè)法》等4部法律進(jìn)行了修訂，將不涉及國家規(guī)定實(shí)施準(zhǔn)入特別管理措施的外商投資企業(yè)設(shè)立及變更事項(xiàng)，由審批改為備案管理。2018年上半年，中國完成修訂外商投資負(fù)面清單工作，出臺(tái)《國務(wù)院關(guān)于積極有效利用外資推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展若干措施的通知》，進(jìn)一步大幅度放寬市場準(zhǔn)入，包括穩(wěn)步擴(kuò)大金融業(yè)開放，持續(xù)推進(jìn)服務(wù)業(yè)開放，深化農(nóng)業(yè)、采礦業(yè)、制造業(yè)開放。
對(duì)于船舶行業(yè)，中國將于2018年取消外資股比限制，包括設(shè)計(jì)、制造、修理各環(huán)節(jié)。對(duì)于飛機(jī)制造行業(yè)，中國將取消外資股比限制，包括干線飛機(jī)、支線飛機(jī)、通用飛機(jī)、直升機(jī)、無人機(jī)、浮空器等。對(duì)于汽車行業(yè)，中國將取消專用車、新能源汽車外資股比限制，并將在未來5年內(nèi)逐步取消汽車行業(yè)的全部股比限制。
China has adopted a foreign investment administration model of pre-establishment national treatment plus negative list. This move marks an institutional reform in response to new developments in economic globalization and changes in international rules for investment. In September 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress amended four laws including the Law on Foreign Invested Enterprises. For those foreign-invested enterprises not subject to the special administrative measures on access to foreign investment (the negative list), their establishment and changes are now administered by a “filing for record” approach instead of the examination and approval system. In the first half of 2018, revision of the negative list for foreign investment was completed and the “Notice of the State Council on Measures for Using Foreign Investment Actively and Effectively to Promote High-Quality Economic Development” was issued to further widen market access considerably. China is making efforts to steadily liberalize its financial sector, constantly open up the services industry, and deepen the opening-up of agricultural, mining and manufacturing sectors.
As regards the shipbuilding industry, China will lift foreign equity caps for companies engaged in the design, manufacturing and repair of vessels in 2018. Moreover, China will lift foreign equity caps on airplane manufacturing of trunk airliners, regional jets, utility aircrafts, helicopters, drones and lighter-than-air aircrafts. In the automobile industry, China will remove foreign equity caps on manufacturing of special-purpose vehicles and new-energy vehicles, and phase out those on all automotive ventures over the next five years.
?。ㄋ模﹦?chuàng)造更有吸引力的投資環(huán)境
中國積極營造寬松有序的投資環(huán)境，放寬外商投資準(zhǔn)入，進(jìn)一步簡化外資準(zhǔn)入管理程序，建設(shè)高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自由貿(mào)易試驗(yàn)區(qū)，加強(qiáng)投資促進(jìn)與投資保護(hù)，進(jìn)一步提升外商投資環(huán)境法治化、國際化、便利化水平，讓中國市場更加透明、更加規(guī)范，促進(jìn)外資增長，提高利用外資質(zhì)量。
截至2018年3月，中國全面取消非行政許可審批，與2013年3月相比，削減行政審批事項(xiàng)44%。中央政府層面核準(zhǔn)的企業(yè)投資項(xiàng)目數(shù)量累計(jì)減少90%。全面改革工商登記、注冊(cè)資本等商事制度，全面推行注冊(cè)資本認(rèn)繳登記制，工商登記前置審批事項(xiàng)壓縮了87%，企業(yè)開辦時(shí)間縮短三分之一以上。推進(jìn)市場準(zhǔn)入負(fù)面清單制度改革，推行“法無禁止即可為”，切實(shí)增強(qiáng)執(zhí)法公正性，減輕企業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)。
4. Creating a more attractive environment for foreign investment
China makes efforts to create a favorable and orderly investment environment, ease market access for foreign investment, further simplify the administrative procedures on access to foreign investment, build pilot free-trade zones (FTZs) with high standards, and better promote and protect foreign investment. China works to improve an investment climate that conforms to international rules, facilitates foreign investment and is based on the rule of law, and to make its market more transparent and better regulated. These efforts will help attract more foreign investment into China and ensure its effective utilization.
By March 2018, all items for non-administrative license approval had been cancelled, and items for administrative approval had decreased by 44 percent as compared to March 2013. The number of investment projects by enterprises subject to verification of the central government had been reduced by 90 percent. China has comprehensively reformed its systems for business registration and registered capital, rolled out the subscribed capital registration system, and revoked 87 percent of the items subject to examination and approval preceding the industrial and commercial registration. The time for business establishment has been shortened by at least one third. In order to alleviate the burden on businesses, China is advancing the reform of the negative list for market access, promoting the concept of “everything that is not forbidden is allowed”, and reinforcing the impartiality of law enforcement.
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