美國為強化制造業(yè)在全球的領導者地位，近年來研究制定了一大批產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。進入新世紀后，特別是國際金融危機爆發(fā)后的近十年來，美國出臺了一系列產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，其中包括《重振美國制造業(yè)框架》（2009）、《美國制造業(yè)促進法案》（2010）、《先進制造業(yè)伙伴計劃》（2011）、《美國制造業(yè)復興——促進增長的4大目標》（2011）、《先進制造業(yè)國家戰(zhàn)略計劃》（2012）、《美國創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略》（2011）、《美國制造業(yè)創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡：初步設計》（2013）等等，針對重點領域研究制定了《電網(wǎng)現(xiàn)代化計劃》（2011）、《美國清潔能源制造計劃》（2013）、《從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到機器人——美國機器人路線圖》（2013）、《金屬增材制造（3D打?。┘夹g標準路線圖》（2013）、《美國人工智能研究與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略計劃》（2016）、《美國機器智能國家戰(zhàn)略》（2018）等。這些政策提出要調整優(yōu)化政府投資，加大對制造業(yè)投資的力度；加強政府對商品的采購；為出口企業(yè)提供信貸支持，拓展國際市場；資助制造業(yè)重點領域創(chuàng)新等具體措施。

To strengthen its global leadership in manufacturing, the US has in recent years formulated a large number of industrial policies. In the 21st century, and in particular over the decade since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the US has introduced a number of industrial policies including A Framework for Revitalizing American Manufacturing (2009),  the United States Manufacturing Enhancement Act of 2010,  the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (2011), A Manufacturing Renaissance: Four Goals for Economic Growth (2011), A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing (2012), A Strategy for American Innovation (2011) and the National Network of Manufacturing Innovation: A Preliminary Design (2013).  Such plans are also made for key areas such as the Grid Modernization Initiative (2011), the Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative (2013), A Roadmap for U.S. Robotics – From Internet to Robotics (2013),  the Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing (2013),  the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (2016)  and A National Machine Intelligence Strategy for the United States (2018). 

These policies include, among others, specific measures to adjust and improve government investment to scale up input in manufacturing, to increase government procurement of certain products, to provide credit support to export companies to expand global market, and to fund innovation in key areas of manufacturing. 

　　美國在制定推行產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的同時，卻對他國正常的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策橫加責難。聯(lián)合國貿易和發(fā)展會議發(fā)布的《世界投資報告2018》指出，為應對新工業(yè)革命的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)，在過去十年中，發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家至少有101個經(jīng)濟體（占全球GDP的90%以上）出臺了正式的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?！吨袊圃?025》也是在這樣的背景下，借鑒了美國的《先進制造業(yè)國家戰(zhàn)略計劃》、《美國創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略》等政策文件，結合中國實際制定出臺的?！吨袊圃?025》是一個引導性、愿景性的文件，也是一個堅持市場主導、開放包容的發(fā)展規(guī)劃。中國政府一直強調《中國制造2025》是一個開放的體系，對內資外資具有普遍適用性。中國領導人在多個場合表示，歡迎外國企業(yè)參與《中國制造2025》。2017年發(fā)布的《國務院關于擴大對外開放積極利用外資若干措施的通知》明確提出，外商投資企業(yè)和內資企業(yè)同等適用于《中國制造2025》政策。文件制定過程中，中國嚴格遵循世界貿易組織規(guī)定，確保相關政策合規(guī)透明、公平無歧視?！吨袊圃?025》實施以來，包括美國企業(yè)在內的許多外國企業(yè)均已參與到相關的建設項目中來。

While formulating and promoting its own industrial policies, the US has made unwarranted accusations against other countries’ justified industrial policies. The UNCTAD World Investment Report 2018 pointed out that responding to the opportunities and challenges associated with a new industrial revolution, at least 101 economies across the developed and developing world (accounting for more than 90 percent of global GDP) have adopted formal industrial development strategies over the past 10 years. It was against this backdrop, inspired by US policy papers such as A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing and A Strategy for American Innovation, and based on its own national conditions, that China formulated its Made in China 2025 program. 

Made in China 2025 is an introductory paper describing a vision, and a market-centered, open and inclusive blueprint for development. The Chinese government has maintained that Made in China 2025 is an open system that is applicable to both domestic and foreign investment. Chinese leaders have stated on several occasions that China welcomes foreign companies to participate in Made in China 2025. China’s State Council released a notice in 2017 on measures to expand opening up and actively utilize foreign investment, which made clear that Made in China 2025 policies apply equally to foreign-invested companies and Chinese companies. The paper was formulated in strict accordance with WTO rules to ensure the relevant policies are legitimate, transparent, fair and non-discriminatory in nature. Many foreign enterprises, including US companies, have participated in programs under Made in China 2025 since its implementation.