?。ㄋ模┦褂么罅糠顷P(guān)稅壁壘

　　世界貿(mào)易組織并不完全禁止對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)行保護(hù)，但原則是削減非關(guān)稅壁壘、提升政策措施透明度，使其對(duì)貿(mào)易的扭曲減少到最低限度。美國(guó)采用大量更具隱蔽性、歧視性和針對(duì)性的非關(guān)稅壁壘，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)特定市場(chǎng)施以嚴(yán)格保護(hù)，明顯扭曲了貿(mào)易秩序和市場(chǎng)環(huán)境。

4. Use of large-scale non-tariff barriers 

While the WTO does not completely prohibit countries from protecting their domestic industries, certain principles must be followed, including lower non-tariff barriers, greater transparency of policies and measures, and a minimal level of trade distortion. The US has put in place a large number of discriminatory non-tariff barriers that are more targeted yet disguised, in an effort to keep specific segments of the domestic market under strict protection. This approach constitutes a notable distortion of the trade order and market environment. 

　　根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，美國(guó)當(dāng)前已通報(bào)的衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫以及技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘措施分別有3004項(xiàng)和1574項(xiàng)，占全球的比重分別高達(dá)18%和6.6%（圖9）。聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)發(fā)組織2018年6月29日的報(bào)告《對(duì)貿(mào)易監(jiān)管數(shù)據(jù)的分析揭露新的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)》中提到，要把一棵樹進(jìn)口到美國(guó)，需滿足54項(xiàng)衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施相關(guān)要求。這些措施嚴(yán)重影響了貨物通關(guān)效率，增加了貿(mào)易成本。

　　圖表：圖9：美國(guó)的非關(guān)稅壁壘措施及占全球的比重 新華社發(fā)

According to the WTO, the US has reported 3,004 sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and 1,574 technical barriers to trade (TBT) measures, accounting for 18 percent and 6.6 percent of the world’s total (Chart 9). As reported in the UNCTAD’s “Analysis of Trade Regulations Data Flags Important New Findings” on June 29, 2018,  a tree has to meet 54 SPS requirements before it can be imported into the US. These technical barriers have significantly lowered customs clearance efficiency and raised trade costs. 

　?。ㄎ澹E用貿(mào)易救濟(jì)措施

　　根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定，成員方在進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品存在傾銷、補(bǔ)貼或進(jìn)口過快增長(zhǎng)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成損害的情況下，可以使用貿(mào)易救濟(jì)措施，但有嚴(yán)格限定條件。美國(guó)大量使用貿(mào)易救濟(jì)措施對(duì)本國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)施保護(hù)，其中相當(dāng)大一部分針對(duì)中國(guó)。

　　美國(guó)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施增多，在全球占比不斷提高。全球貿(mào)易預(yù)警（Global Trade Alert）統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年，全球共有837項(xiàng)新的保護(hù)主義干預(yù)措施，其中美國(guó)出臺(tái)143項(xiàng)措施，占全球總數(shù)的17.1%。2018年1-7月底，美國(guó)出臺(tái)的保護(hù)主義措施占全球比重達(dá)到33%（圖10）。

　　圖表：圖10：美國(guó)每年新增貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施及占全球比重 新華社發(fā)

5. The abuse of trade remedy measures

While the WTO allows the use of trade remedy measures when a member economy finds damage caused to its domestic industries by dumping, subsidy or excessive growth in imports, strict limits and conditions do apply. However, the US has resorted to a huge number of trade remedy measures to protect its domestic industries. Many of these measures target China. 

The US is adopting a growing number of trade protectionist measures, whose share of the world’s total is also rising. According to Global Trade Alert, among the 837 new protectionist measures adopted in 2017 worldwide, 143 (or 17.1 percent) were from the US. From January to the end of July in 2018, the US accounted for 33 percent of all protectionist measures in the world (Chart 10). 

Chart 10: Additional Trade Protectionist Measures of the US and Their Global Share