?。ㄈ┮試鴥?nèi)法“長臂管轄”制裁他國

　　“長臂管轄”是指依托國內(nèi)法規(guī)的觸角延伸到境外，管轄境外實(shí)體的做法。近年來，美國不斷擴(kuò)充“長臂管轄”的范圍，涵蓋了民事侵權(quán)、金融投資、反壟斷、出口管制、網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全等眾多領(lǐng)域，并在國際事務(wù)中動(dòng)輒要求其他國家的實(shí)體或個(gè)人必須服從美國國內(nèi)法，否則隨時(shí)可能遭到美國的民事、刑事、貿(mào)易等制裁。

3. “Long-arm jurisdiction” and sanctions against other countries based on US domestic laws

“Long-arm jurisdiction” refers to the practice of extending one’s tentacles beyond one’s borders and exercising jurisdiction over foreign entities based on one’s domestic laws. In recent years, the US has been extending its “l(fā)ong-arm jurisdiction” to wider areas including civil torts, financial investment, anti-monopoly, export control and cybersecurity. In international affairs, the US has frequently requested entities or individuals of other countries to obey US domestic laws, otherwise they may face US civil, criminal or trade sanctions at any time. 

　　以出口管制為例，美國為鞏固技術(shù)領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢，很早就構(gòu)建起一攬子出口管制制度。主要依據(jù)《出口管理法》、《出口管制條例》、《國際緊急經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力法》，要求美國出口商或用戶出口時(shí)必須申請?jiān)S可證。對于國外購買方而言，則要求不得違反商品最終用途、最終用戶等限制性規(guī)定，否則將受到處罰，包括被列入“實(shí)體清單”，嚴(yán)格限制或禁止從美國進(jìn)口。統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，截至2018年8月1日，全球范圍內(nèi)被列入美國商務(wù)部“實(shí)體清單”的主體數(shù)量達(dá)到1013家。這種行為不僅損害了包括美國公司在內(nèi)的相關(guān)企業(yè)利益，還損害了廣大發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展權(quán)利。

　　美國還在抓緊審查修訂現(xiàn)行出口管制法規(guī)，強(qiáng)化“長臂管轄”行為。2018年8月13日，美國總統(tǒng)簽署了《2019財(cái)年國防授權(quán)法案》，作為其重要組成部分的《出口管制改革法案》提高了對外國控股公司的限制條件，增加了對“新興和基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)”的出口控制，建立了跨部門協(xié)商機(jī)制以提高執(zhí)法能力。近期，美國商務(wù)部產(chǎn)業(yè)和安全局以“違反美國國家安全或外交政策利益”為由，將44個(gè)中國機(jī)構(gòu)新列入出口管制名單。這種行為給中國企業(yè)參與相關(guān)貿(mào)易制造了障礙，實(shí)質(zhì)是對“長臂管轄”強(qiáng)化和升級。

Take export control as an example. To consolidate its technological advantages, the US has long established an all-round export control system. Through the Export Control Act, the Export Administration Regulations and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, US exporters or exporting users must apply for export licenses. Foreign buyers are required not to violate restrictive regulations such as those on end-use and end-users, otherwise they will be subject to penalties, including being put in the Entity List which will place them under strict restrictions, or even prohibit them from importing from the US. Statistics show that by August 1, 2018, as many as 1,013 entities from around the world have been put on the Entity List of the US Department of Commerce. This action has undermined not only the interests of companies concerned – including those from the US – but also the development rights of developing countries.  

The US is also vigorously reviewing and revising its export control legislation to strengthen its “l(fā)ong-arm jurisdiction”. On August 13, 2018, the US President signed the National Defense Authorization Act 2019, an important part of which is the Export Control Reform Act (ECRA). The ECRA further tightened restrictions on foreign-holding companies, intensified controls on “emerging and basic technologies”, and mandated an inter-agency process to boost law enforcement capabilities. Recently, the Bureau of Industry and Security of the US Department of Commerce added 44 Chinese entities to its Entity List for “acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States”. Such measures create obstacles for Chinese businesses to conduct normal trade and are in fact an extension and upgrading of “l(fā)ong-arm jurisdiction”.