對(duì)多國(guó)產(chǎn)品開展“201調(diào)查”。2017年5月，美國(guó)依據(jù)本國(guó)《1974年貿(mào)易法》，對(duì)進(jìn)口洗衣機(jī)和光伏產(chǎn)品發(fā)起“201調(diào)查”，并在2018年1月決定對(duì)前者征收為期3年、稅率最高達(dá)50%的關(guān)稅，對(duì)后者征收為期4年、稅率最高達(dá)30%的關(guān)稅。這是2001年以來美國(guó)首次發(fā)起“201調(diào)查”。作為美國(guó)進(jìn)口洗衣機(jī)的主要來源，韓國(guó)已于5月向世界貿(mào)易組織提起磋商請(qǐng)求，并宣布將中止對(duì)美國(guó)部分產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅減讓措施，以回應(yīng)美國(guó)對(duì)韓國(guó)產(chǎn)品征稅的做法。2018年8月14日，中國(guó)將美國(guó)光伏產(chǎn)品201措施訴諸世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制。

The US has conducted Section 201 investigations against products of multiple countries. In May 2017, on the basis of its Trade Act of 1974, the US initiated Section 201 investigations  on imported washing machines and photovoltaic products. In January 2018, it decided to impose a maximum of 50 percent tariffs for three years on washing machines and a maximum of 30 percent tariffs for four years on photovoltaic products. These were the first Section 201 investigations initiated by the US since 2001. As a major source of washing machines imports to the US, the ROK submitted a request for consultations to the WTO in May and announced that it would suspend tariff concessions on some US products as a response to the US imposition of tariffs on its products. On August 14, 2018, China resorted to the WTO dispute settlement system over the Section 201 measures on photovoltaic products.

　　對(duì)中國(guó)開展“301調(diào)查”。2017年8月，美國(guó)依據(jù)本國(guó)《1974年貿(mào)易法》，對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)起“301調(diào)查”，并在2018年7月和8月分兩批對(duì)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的500億美元商品加征25%關(guān)稅，此后還不斷升級(jí)關(guān)稅措施，2018年9月24日起，又對(duì)2000億中國(guó)輸美產(chǎn)品征收10%的關(guān)稅?！?01調(diào)查”是基于美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)法相關(guān)條款開展的貿(mào)易調(diào)查，衡量并要求其他國(guó)家接受美國(guó)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入要求，否則就采取報(bào)復(fù)性的貿(mào)易制裁手段，早在上世紀(jì)90年代就被稱為“激進(jìn)的單邊主義”。從歷史數(shù)據(jù)看，“301調(diào)查”使用頻率較低且多通過磋商協(xié)議解決。根據(jù)彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所2018年3月發(fā)布的研究報(bào)告，1974年至今，美國(guó)共進(jìn)行122起“301調(diào)查”，但自2001年起，只有一起“301調(diào)查”被正式啟動(dòng)。美國(guó)政府曾于1994年做出一項(xiàng)“行政行動(dòng)聲明”，表示要按照符合世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的方式來執(zhí)行“301條款”，即美國(guó)只有在獲得世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制授權(quán)后才能實(shí)施“301條款”所規(guī)定的制裁措施。1998年，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐共體向世界貿(mào)易組織提出關(guān)于“301條款”的爭(zhēng)端解決案。世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為，單從其法律規(guī)定上看，可以初步認(rèn)定“301條款”不符合世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定。在本次中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦中，美國(guó)政府動(dòng)用“301條款”對(duì)中國(guó)開展調(diào)查，在未經(jīng)世界貿(mào)易組織授權(quán)的情況下對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)品大規(guī)模加征關(guān)稅，明顯違反美國(guó)政府的上述承諾，其行為是完全非法的。

The US has initiated Section 301 investigation against China. In August 2017, the US initiated a Section 301 investigation against China based on its Trade Act of 1974.  A 25 percent tariff was imposed on US$50 billion worth of goods from China in July and August 2018, followed by a continuation of escalating tariff measures. Another tariff of 10 percent on a further US$200 billion worth of China’s exports to the US was imposed from September 24, 2018. A Section 301 investigation is a trade investigation based on relevant provisions of US domestic law. It requests other countries to accept the intellectual property standards and market access requirements of the US, or face retaliatory trade sanctions. Such practice was described as “aggressive unilateralism” as early as in the 1990s. 

Historical data show that it is very rare for a Section 301 investigation to be initiated – most cases are settled through consultation. According to a report from the Peterson Institute for International Economics released in March 2018, from 1974 to the present, the US government has conducted 122 such Section 301 investigations, but there has been only one new Section 301 investigation since 2001. In 1994, the US government issued a “Statement of Administrative Action”, stating that the Administration intends to use Section 301 under the WTO rules, and that it would only impose sanctions under Section 301 with authorization from the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). In 1998, the European Communities filed a case to the WTO DSB against Section 301, and the Panel came to a preliminary finding that in respect of the statutory language, Section 301 is inconsistent with WTO rules. The US government has initiated a Section 301 investigation in the course of its current trade frictions with China, and imposed huge tariffs on Chinese goods in the absence of WTO authorization. These actions have clearly violated its afore-mentioned commitments, and are completely illegal. 

　?。ǘ┢嬷肛?zé)他國(guó)實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)政策

　　產(chǎn)業(yè)政策是一種彌補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)失靈、改善社會(huì)福利的有效工具，只要符合世界貿(mào)易組織確定的規(guī)則，不應(yīng)受到無(wú)端指責(zé)。

　　美國(guó)是世界上較早運(yùn)用產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的國(guó)家之一。盡管美國(guó)很少承認(rèn)實(shí)行產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但事實(shí)上美國(guó)政府實(shí)施了比官方說法多得多的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。這些產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的范疇從推進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新到政府采購(gòu)、對(duì)特定部門和企業(yè)的補(bǔ)貼，以及關(guān)稅保護(hù)、貿(mào)易協(xié)定等，為增強(qiáng)美國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力發(fā)揮了重要作用。

2. Baseless accusations against other countries’ industrial policies

As an effective tool to remedy market failures and improve social welfare, industrial policies should not be subject to groundless accusations as long as they are consistent with WTO rules. 

The US was among the first to adopt industrial policies. The US rarely acknowledges the adoption of such policies, but its government has in fact undertaken many more industrial policies than the official narrative allows. Ranging from technological innovation incentives and government procurement, through subsidies on specific sectors and companies, to tariff protection and trade agreements, these industrial policies have played a vital role in enhancing the competitive strength of US industries.