國防費的國際比較
在2017年國防費位居世界前列的國家中，中國國防費無論是占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國家財政支出的比重，還是國民人均和軍人人均數(shù)額，都處于較低水平。
中國已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟體。國防費規(guī)模居于世界第二位，是由中國的國防需求、經(jīng)濟體量、防御性國防政策所決定的。從開支總量看，2017年中國國防費不到美國的四分之一。
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.
從國防費占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重看，2012年至2017年，中國國防費占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重約為1.3%，美國約為3.5%、俄羅斯約為4.4%、印度約為2.5%、英國約為2.0%、法國約為2.3%、日本約為1.0%、德國約為1.2%。中國國防費占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的平均比重在國防費位居世界前列的國家中排在第六位，是聯(lián)合國安理會常任理事國中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).
從國防費占財政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中國國防費占財政支出平均比重約為5.3%，美國約為9.8%、俄羅斯約為12.4%、印度約為9.1%、英國約為4.8%、法國約為4.0%、日本約為2.5%、德國約為2.8%。中國國防費占財政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
從人均國防費水平看，2017年中國國民人均國防費為750元人民幣，約相當于美國的5%、俄羅斯的25%、印度的231%、英國的13%、法國的16%、日本的29%、德國的20%。中國軍人人均國防費為52.16萬元人民幣，約相當于美國的15%、俄羅斯的119%、印度的166%、英國的27%、法國的38%、日本的35%、德國的30%。中國國民人均國防費排在第七位，軍人人均國防費排在第六位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.
中國堅持執(zhí)行國防費報告和公布制度。1978年以來，中國政府每年向全國人大提交財政預(yù)算報告，并對外公布年度國防費預(yù)算總額。1995年，中國政府發(fā)布《中國的軍備控制與裁軍》白皮書，向世界公布國防費情況。2007年以來，中國參加聯(lián)合國軍費透明制度，每年向聯(lián)合國提交上一財政年度國防費基本數(shù)據(jù)，按現(xiàn)役部隊、預(yù)備役部隊、民兵等類別，提交人員生活費、訓練維持費、裝備費三大類開支數(shù)額和國防費總額，并說明中國國防費的主要用途和占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.
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