2012年以來中國國防費(fèi)
進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，與國家現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程相一致，著眼建設(shè)與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應(yīng)的鞏固國防和強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，進(jìn)一步縮小與世界先進(jìn)軍事水平的差距，解決軍隊(duì)打現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭能力不夠的問題，中國國防費(fèi)規(guī)模保持了穩(wěn)步增長，支出結(jié)構(gòu)持續(xù)優(yōu)化。
China’s Defense Expenditure Since 2012
In the new era, to keep pace with the country’s modernization, China is focusing on building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing, and its national security and development interests. China is striving to narrow the gap between its military and the world’s leading militaries, and make up the deficiencies in the military’s capabilities in modern warfare. Defense expenditure is growing steadily and the breakdown of spending is being continuously optimized.
中國國防費(fèi)按用途劃分，主要由人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)和裝備費(fèi)構(gòu)成。人員生活費(fèi)用于軍官、文職干部、士兵和聘用的非現(xiàn)役人員，以及軍隊(duì)供養(yǎng)的離退休干部工資、津貼、伙食、被裝、保險(xiǎn)、福利、撫恤等。訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)用于部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練、院校教育、工程設(shè)施建設(shè)維護(hù)以及其他日常消耗性支出。裝備費(fèi)用于武器裝備的研究、試驗(yàn)、采購、維修、運(yùn)輸、儲存等。國防費(fèi)的保障范圍包括現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等。
In terms of usage, China’s defense expenditure is assigned to three sectors – personnel, training and sustainment, and equipment. Personnel expenses mainly cover the salaries, allowances, food, bedding, clothing, insurance, subsidies and pensions for officers, non-ranking officers, soldiers and contracted civilians, as well as retirees supported from the defense budget. Training and sustainment expenses mainly cover training of the troops, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenditure on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, testing, procurement, repairs, maintenance, transport and the storage of weaponry and equipment. In terms of scope, defense expenditure covers all active forces, reserve forces and militia.
2012年以來增長的國防費(fèi)主要用于：（一）適應(yīng)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展，提高和改善官兵生活福利待遇，落實(shí)軍隊(duì)人員工資收入定期增長機(jī)制，持續(xù)改善基層部隊(duì)工作、訓(xùn)練和生活保障條件。（二）加大武器裝備建設(shè)投入，淘汰更新部分落后裝備，升級改造部分老舊裝備，研發(fā)采購航空母艦、作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、導(dǎo)彈、主戰(zhàn)坦克等新式武器裝備，穩(wěn)步提高武器裝備現(xiàn)代化水平。（三）深化國防和軍隊(duì)改革，保障軍隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)指揮體制、部隊(duì)規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)和力量編成、軍事政策制度等重大改革。（四）保障實(shí)戰(zhàn)化訓(xùn)練，保障戰(zhàn)略訓(xùn)練、戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合訓(xùn)練、軍兵種部隊(duì)訓(xùn)練等，加強(qiáng)模擬化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、對抗性訓(xùn)練條件建設(shè)。（五）保障多樣化軍事任務(wù)，保障國際維和、護(hù)航、人道主義救援、搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等行動(dòng)。
Since 2012, the increase in defense expenditure has been primarily spent for the following purposes:
1. Adapting to national economic and social development, improving the wellbeing of service personnel, ensuring regular increases in military salaries, and bettering the working, training and living conditions of the troops;
2. Increasing input in weaponry and equipment development, phasing out the outdated, upgrading the old, and developing and procuring the new, such as aircraft carriers, fighters, missiles and main battle tanks, to steadily modernize weaponry and equipment;
3. Deepening national defense and military reform, supporting major reforms in military leadership and command systems, force structure and composition, and policies and institutions;
4. Supporting training in real combat conditions, enhancing strategic-level training, joint training at TCs’ level and training of services and arms, and improving the conditions for simulated, networked and force-on-force training; and
5. Supporting diverse military tasks including the UNPKOs, vessel protection operations, humanitarian assistance operations and disaster relief efforts.
2012年至2017年，中國國防費(fèi)從6691.92億元人民幣增加到10432.37億元人民幣。中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）按當(dāng)年價(jià)格計(jì)算年平均增長9.04%，國家財(cái)政支出年平均增長10.43%，國防費(fèi)年平均增長9.42%，國防費(fèi)占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重為1.28%，占國家財(cái)政支出平均比重為5.26%。國防費(fèi)占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重穩(wěn)定，與國家財(cái)政支出保持同步協(xié)調(diào)增長。
中國國防費(fèi)實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的財(cái)政撥款和預(yù)算管理制度。國防費(fèi)使用堅(jiān)持需求牽引、規(guī)劃主導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持量入為出、量力而行，加強(qiáng)集中統(tǒng)管，統(tǒng)籌存量增量，逐步推行國防費(fèi)績效管理，推進(jìn)以效能為核心的軍費(fèi)管理改革。改進(jìn)和加強(qiáng)預(yù)算管理，深化軍隊(duì)資金集中收付制度改革，加快經(jīng)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)步伐，完善軍隊(duì)資產(chǎn)資金管理辦法。
From 2012 to 2017, China’s defense expenditure increased from RMB669.192 billion to RMB1,043.237 billion. China’s GDP and government expenditure grew at average rates of 9.04% and 10.43% respectively, calculated on the price of the indicated years, while its defense expenditure increased by an average of 9.42%. Defense expenditure accounted for 1.28% of GDP and 5.26% of government expenditure on average. The percentage of China’s defense expenditure in GDP remained stable and grew in coordination with the increase of government expenditure.
China applies strict mechanisms of fiscal allocation and budget management on its defense expenditure. It pursues a level of defense spending that is demand-oriented, planning-led and consistent with its capacity. It endeavors to strengthen unified management, coordinate existing and incremental expenditure, gradually practice cost-effectiveness management, and steadily press ahead with reform that is centered on efficacy and efficiency. To improve and strengthen budget management, China’s armed forces are extending reform of the centralized collection and payment of military funds, accelerating standardization in relation to defense expenditure, and improving the management of assets and funds.
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