?。ㄈ┨峁┐罅垦a貼，扭曲市場競爭

　　美國聯(lián)邦和地方政府對部分產業(yè)和企業(yè)提供大量補貼、救助和優(yōu)惠貸款，這些補貼行為在很大程度上阻礙了市場的公平競爭。根據(jù)美國補貼監(jiān)控組織“好工作優(yōu)先”統(tǒng)計，2000-2015年間，美國聯(lián)邦政府以撥款、稅收抵免等方式至少向企業(yè)補貼了680億美元，其中582家大公司獲得的補貼占總額的67%。同一時期，美國聯(lián)邦機構向私人部門提供了數(shù)千億美元的貸款、貸款擔保和救助援助。享受美國政府補貼的行業(yè)十分廣泛，在列入統(tǒng)計的49個行業(yè)中，汽車、航空航天和軍工、電氣和電子設備、油氣、金融服務、化工、金屬、零售、信息技術等均在前列。美國州和地方政府也給予了企業(yè)大量補貼。由于州政府在補貼方面基本不受聯(lián)邦政府的管轄，其補貼方式及金額透明度低，具有較大隱蔽性，實際補貼額遠高于其披露數(shù)額。

3. Large subsidies that distort market competition

US governments at federal and sub-national levels provide large subsidies, bailout assistance, and concessional loans to some sectors and companies. Such actions obstruct, to a large extent, fair market competition. According to Good Jobs First, an American organization that tracks subsidies, between 2000 and 2015, the federal government provided at least US$68 billion in grants and special tax credits to businesses, with 582 large companies receiving 67 percent of the total.  During the same period, federal agencies gave the private sector hundreds of billions of dollars in loans, loan guarantees, and bailout assistance. A wide range of sectors received government subsidies. Motor vehicles, aerospace and military contracting, electrical and electronic equipment, oil and gas, financial services, chemicals, metals, and retailing and information technologies ranked among the top of the 49 tracked sectors.  State and local governments also gave enormous subsidies to companies. The amounts of subsidies at the state level are basically not subject to federal jurisdiction, hence the difficulty in assessing their specific scale and nature. Actual amounts of the state-level subsidies are much higher than the disclosed figures.

　　在航空領域，美國波音公司2000年以來獲得聯(lián)邦和州（地方）政府的定向補貼金額145億美元；2011年以來獲得來自各級政府的貸款、債券融資、風險投資、貸款擔保、救助等737億美元（專欄5）。

　　圖表：專欄5 歐盟訴美國民用飛機補貼案 新華社發(fā)

In the aviation sector, Boeing has received US$14.5 billion of allocated subsidies from the federal and state/local governments since 2000 and US$73.7 billion of loans, bond financing, venture capital, loan guarantees and bailout assistance from governments at various levels since 2011  (Box 5).

　　在汽車行業(yè)，美國聯(lián)邦和州政府均有對汽車的扶持政策，并向大型汽車企業(yè)提供巨額救助和變相補貼。國際金融危機期間，美國政府在“不良資產援助計劃”下設立“汽車產業(yè)資助計劃”（AIFP），為大型汽車企業(yè)提供了近800億美元的資金救助。2007年，美國能源部依據(jù)《2007年能源獨立和安全法案》第136條款制定了“先進技術汽車制造貸款項目”，美國國會對該項目的授權貸款總額達到250億美元。特斯拉公司自2000年以來得到美國聯(lián)邦和州（地方）政府超過35億美元的補貼。

In the automotive industry, the US government at both federal and state levels supports the auto industry with preferential policies and provides key auto companies with large bailouts and disguised subsidies. During the global financial crisis, the US government, with its Automotive Industry Financing Program (AIFP) under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TAPR), provided key auto companies with nearly US$80 billion of assistance.  In 2007, the US Department of Energy, citing Section 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, introduced the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM), with authorization from the US Congress, to provide up to US$25 billion in loans.  Since 2000, Tesla has received more than US$3.5 billion in subsidies from US federal and state/local governments.