美國(guó)為強(qiáng)化制造業(yè)在全球的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者地位，近年來(lái)研究制定了一大批產(chǎn)業(yè)政策。進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)后，特別是國(guó)際金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)后的近十年來(lái)，美國(guó)出臺(tái)了一系列產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，其中包括《重振美國(guó)制造業(yè)框架》（2009）、《美國(guó)制造業(yè)促進(jìn)法案》（2010）、《先進(jìn)制造業(yè)伙伴計(jì)劃》（2011）、《美國(guó)制造業(yè)復(fù)興——促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)的4大目標(biāo)》（2011）、《先進(jìn)制造業(yè)國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃》（2012）、《美國(guó)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略》（2011）、《美國(guó)制造業(yè)創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)：初步設(shè)計(jì)》（2013）等等，針對(duì)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域研究制定了《電網(wǎng)現(xiàn)代化計(jì)劃》（2011）、《美國(guó)清潔能源制造計(jì)劃》（2013）、《從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到機(jī)器人——美國(guó)機(jī)器人路線圖》（2013）、《金屬增材制造（3D打?。┘夹g(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)路線圖》（2013）、《美國(guó)人工智能研究與發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃》（2016）、《美國(guó)機(jī)器智能?chē)?guó)家戰(zhàn)略》（2018）等。這些政策提出要調(diào)整優(yōu)化政府投資，加大對(duì)制造業(yè)投資的力度；加強(qiáng)政府對(duì)商品的采購(gòu)；為出口企業(yè)提供信貸支持，拓展國(guó)際市場(chǎng)；資助制造業(yè)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新等具體措施。
To strengthen its global leadership in manufacturing, the US has in recent years formulated a large number of industrial policies. In the 21st century, and in particular over the decade since the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the US has introduced a number of industrial policies including A Framework for Revitalizing American Manufacturing (2009), the United States Manufacturing Enhancement Act of 2010, the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (2011), A Manufacturing Renaissance: Four Goals for Economic Growth (2011), A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing (2012), A Strategy for American Innovation (2011) and the National Network of Manufacturing Innovation: A Preliminary Design (2013). Such plans are also made for key areas such as the Grid Modernization Initiative (2011), the Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative (2013), A Roadmap for U.S. Robotics – From Internet to Robotics (2013), the Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing (2013), the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (2016) and A National Machine Intelligence Strategy for the United States (2018).
These policies include, among others, specific measures to adjust and improve government investment to scale up input in manufacturing, to increase government procurement of certain products, to provide credit support to export companies to expand global market, and to fund innovation in key areas of manufacturing.
美國(guó)在制定推行產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的同時(shí)，卻對(duì)他國(guó)正常的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策橫加責(zé)難。聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議發(fā)布的《世界投資報(bào)告2018》指出，為應(yīng)對(duì)新工業(yè)革命的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)，在過(guò)去十年中，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家至少有101個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體（占全球GDP的90%以上）出臺(tái)了正式的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?！吨袊?guó)制造2025》也是在這樣的背景下，借鑒了美國(guó)的《先進(jìn)制造業(yè)國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃》、《美國(guó)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略》等政策文件，結(jié)合中國(guó)實(shí)際制定出臺(tái)的?！吨袊?guó)制造2025》是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)性、愿景性的文件，也是一個(gè)堅(jiān)持市場(chǎng)主導(dǎo)、開(kāi)放包容的發(fā)展規(guī)劃。中國(guó)政府一直強(qiáng)調(diào)《中國(guó)制造2025》是一個(gè)開(kāi)放的體系，對(duì)內(nèi)資外資具有普遍適用性。中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在多個(gè)場(chǎng)合表示，歡迎外國(guó)企業(yè)參與《中國(guó)制造2025》。2017年發(fā)布的《國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于擴(kuò)大對(duì)外開(kāi)放積極利用外資若干措施的通知》明確提出，外商投資企業(yè)和內(nèi)資企業(yè)同等適用于《中國(guó)制造2025》政策。文件制定過(guò)程中，中國(guó)嚴(yán)格遵循世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定，確保相關(guān)政策合規(guī)透明、公平無(wú)歧視。《中國(guó)制造2025》實(shí)施以來(lái)，包括美國(guó)企業(yè)在內(nèi)的許多外國(guó)企業(yè)均已參與到相關(guān)的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中來(lái)。
While formulating and promoting its own industrial policies, the US has made unwarranted accusations against other countries’ justified industrial policies. The UNCTAD World Investment Report 2018 pointed out that responding to the opportunities and challenges associated with a new industrial revolution, at least 101 economies across the developed and developing world (accounting for more than 90 percent of global GDP) have adopted formal industrial development strategies over the past 10 years. It was against this backdrop, inspired by US policy papers such as A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing and A Strategy for American Innovation, and based on its own national conditions, that China formulated its Made in China 2025 program.
Made in China 2025 is an introductory paper describing a vision, and a market-centered, open and inclusive blueprint for development. The Chinese government has maintained that Made in China 2025 is an open system that is applicable to both domestic and foreign investment. Chinese leaders have stated on several occasions that China welcomes foreign companies to participate in Made in China 2025. China’s State Council released a notice in 2017 on measures to expand opening up and actively utilize foreign investment, which made clear that Made in China 2025 policies apply equally to foreign-invested companies and Chinese companies. The paper was formulated in strict accordance with WTO rules to ensure the relevant policies are legitimate, transparent, fair and non-discriminatory in nature. Many foreign enterprises, including US companies, have participated in programs under Made in China 2025 since its implementation.
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