美國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易委員會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，截至2018年7月17日，美國(guó)仍在生效的反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼措施共有44項(xiàng)（圖11），其中58%是2008年金融危機(jī)以來(lái)新采取的“雙反”措施，主要針對(duì)中國(guó)、歐盟和日本。
圖表：圖11：2008年以來(lái)美國(guó)采取的反傾銷和反補(bǔ)貼措施數(shù)目 新華社發(fā)
在反傾銷調(diào)查中，美國(guó)拒不履行《中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織議定書(shū)》第15條約定的義務(wù)，繼續(xù)依據(jù)其國(guó)內(nèi)法，對(duì)中國(guó)適用“替代國(guó)”做法。根據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)問(wèn)責(zé)局的測(cè)算，被認(rèn)定為市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的國(guó)家所適用的反傾銷稅率明顯低于非市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的反傾銷稅平均稅率是98%，而對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家的平均稅率為37%。2018年以來(lái)，美國(guó)作出18項(xiàng)涉及中國(guó)產(chǎn)品的裁決，其中14項(xiàng)稅率都在100%以上。此外，美國(guó)在替代國(guó)的選擇上也具有較大隨意性。中國(guó)出口商在美國(guó)的傾銷調(diào)查中受到嚴(yán)重不公正和歧視性對(duì)待。
According to the United States International Trade Commission, by July 17, 2018 there were 44 anti-dumping and countervailing measures in effect in the US (Chart 11), among which 58 percent were adopted after the 2008 financial crisis, with China, the EU and Japan as the main targets.
Chart 11: Number of US Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures Since 2008
Source: United States International Trade Commission
In anti-dumping investigations, the US has refused to honor its obligation under Article 15 of China’s WTO Accession Protocol and continued to use the surrogate-country approach, citing its domestic law. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the US Congress calculated that the rates of anti-dumping duties applied to countries recognized as market economies are notably lower than those applied to non-market economies (NMEs). The average anti-dumping duty imposed by the US on China is 98 percent, while that on market economies is 37 percent. Among the 18 US rulings concerning Chinese products since the start of 2018, 14 had rates of more than 100 percent. Moreover, the US picks surrogate countries rather randomly, making the results of anti-dumping investigations highly unfair and discriminatory for Chinese exporters.
四、美國(guó)政府的貿(mào)易霸凌主義行為
美國(guó)作為二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序和多邊貿(mào)易體制的主要建立者和參與者，本應(yīng)帶頭遵守多邊貿(mào)易規(guī)則，在世界貿(mào)易組織框架下通過(guò)爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制妥善處理與其他成員國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易摩擦，這也是美國(guó)政府曾經(jīng)向國(guó)際社會(huì)作出的明確承諾。但是，美國(guó)新政府上任以來(lái)，片面強(qiáng)調(diào)“美國(guó)優(yōu)先”，奉行單邊主義和經(jīng)濟(jì)霸權(quán)主義，背棄國(guó)際承諾，四面出擊挑起國(guó)際貿(mào)易摩擦，不僅損害了中國(guó)和其他國(guó)家利益，更損害了美國(guó)自身國(guó)際形象，動(dòng)搖了全球多邊貿(mào)易體制根基，最終必將損害美國(guó)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益。
IV. The trade bullyism practices of the US administration
As the key builder of the international economic order and a major participant in the multilateral trading regime after the Second World War, the US should have taken the lead in observing multilateral trade rules and properly handling trade frictions with other WTO members through the dispute settlement system within the WTO framework. This is what the US government explicitly pledged to the international community. However, since taking office, with a narrow focus on “America First”, the new US administration has practiced unilateralism and economic hegemony, abandoned its international commitments, and provoked international trade friction around the world. This has not only undermined the interests of China and other countries, but also jeopardized the international reputation of the US itself. And above all, it has shaken the foundations of the global multilateral trading regime, which will ultimately hurt the long-term interests of the US.
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