世界貿(mào)易組織所提倡的互惠互利原則，考慮了各國(guó)發(fā)展階段的差別。在世界貿(mào)易組織框架下，發(fā)展中成員享有差別和更優(yōu)惠待遇。這種制度安排是在尊重發(fā)展中國(guó)家和地區(qū)發(fā)展權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上，積極吸納新的發(fā)展中成員加入，以擴(kuò)大成員數(shù)量、增強(qiáng)多邊體制的包容性，也體現(xiàn)了以當(dāng)期優(yōu)惠換取后期開放的互惠原則。對(duì)于發(fā)展中成員而言，由于其處于發(fā)展初期階段，需要對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)適度保護(hù)以促進(jìn)良性發(fā)展，其市場(chǎng)隨經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展擴(kuò)大后，也將為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家?guī)?lái)更多商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。發(fā)展中成員享有差別和更優(yōu)惠待遇，符合包括發(fā)達(dá)成員在內(nèi)的各國(guó)各地區(qū)長(zhǎng)期利益，這種制度安排是真正意義上的國(guó)際公平。2001年，中國(guó)通過(guò)多邊談判以發(fā)展中成員身份加入世界貿(mào)易組織，享受發(fā)展中成員待遇。十幾年來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了快速發(fā)展，但仍然是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。由于中國(guó)有13.9億人口，經(jīng)濟(jì)總量數(shù)據(jù)顯得較為龐大，但這沒有改變?nèi)司l(fā)展水平較低的現(xiàn)實(shí)。根據(jù)國(guó)際貨幣基金組織數(shù)據(jù)，2017年中國(guó)人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值8643美元，僅為美國(guó)的14.5%，排在世界第71位。2017年末中國(guó)還有3046萬(wàn)農(nóng)村貧困人口。僅以中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易總規(guī)模較大為依據(jù)，要求中國(guó)和美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)稅絕對(duì)對(duì)等是不合理的。美國(guó)追求絕對(duì)對(duì)等的做法，違背了世界貿(mào)易組織最惠國(guó)待遇和非歧視性原則（專欄1）。

The principle of reciprocity of the WTO takes into consideration different development stages by granting special and differential and more favorable treatment to developing members. This arrangement aims to attract new developing members, increase the WTO’s representation and enhance the inclusiveness of the multilateral system, while respecting the right to develop of developing countries and regions. It enshrines the principle of mutual benefit in exchanging present favors for future opening. Developing members that are in the initial stage of development need appropriate protection for their industries to promote sound growth, which will provide more opportunities for developed countries in time. This differential and more favorable treatment is in the long-term interests of all countries and regions, including developed members, and this is genuine global fairness. In 2001, China joined the WTO as a developing member and has been treated as such. It still remains a developing country even after more than a decade of rapid economic development. China’s large population of 1.39 billion dilutes massive economic figures to low levels on a per capita basis. According to IMF statistics, in 2017 the per capita GDP of China was US$8,643, only 14.5% of that of the US, and ranking 71st in the world. By the end of 2017 there were still 30.46 million rural people living in poverty. It is unfair to demand absolute equality in tariffs between China and the US simply on the grounds of China’s economic aggregate and trade volume. The absolute equality approach also violates the MFN and non-discrimination principles of the WTO (Box 1).

　　圖表：專欄1 所謂“對(duì)等”開放不符合世界貿(mào)易組織非歧視性原則 新華社發(fā)

　　世界貿(mào)易組織所提倡的互惠互利原則，是各國(guó)就所有產(chǎn)業(yè)開放市場(chǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)總體互惠和利益平衡，并非狹義局限于每個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)或產(chǎn)品承諾水平對(duì)等。由于資源稟賦、產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的差異，很難實(shí)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體絕對(duì)對(duì)等開放，不同產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)稅水平是有差異的。如果按照美國(guó)絕對(duì)對(duì)等邏輯，美國(guó)自身也有大量不公平和不對(duì)等的情況。例如，中國(guó)對(duì)帶殼花生、乳制品和貨車征收的關(guān)稅分別為15%、12%和15%-25%，而據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織關(guān)稅數(shù)據(jù)顯示，美國(guó)相應(yīng)的關(guān)稅分別為163.8%、16%和25%，均高于中國(guó)（表2）。

　　圖表：表2：中美部分關(guān)稅稅率對(duì)比 新華社發(fā)

The reciprocity and mutual benefit principle advocated by the WTO means overall reciprocity and balance of interests in market opening across all the industries of the members, rather than narrowly defined reciprocity of treatment for a specific industry or product. Given the differences in endowment and competitiveness, absolutely reciprocal opening would be virtually impossible, and tariffs in different industries diverge. Even if we follow this absolute reciprocity logic of the US, unfair and non-reciprocal practices are more than common in the US. For example, China’s tariffs on peanuts in the shell, dairy products and trucks are 15%, 12% and 15-25% respectively, while WTO tariff figures show those of the US to be 163.8%, 16% and 25%, all higher than China. (Table 2)

Table 2：Some Tariffs in China and in the US