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兩個單詞有時可相互交替使用。instrument雖然可等同document,指法律文據(jù),如合同、文書等,但更主要卻是指“票據(jù)”,即一種表示金錢所有權(quán)關(guān)系的“文據(jù)” (instrument is a document of title to money) [1]。在西方,票據(jù)分為兩大類:匯票 (bill of exchange, or bill)和支票(cheque)(注:cheque 為英式英語,相應的美語則是check),我國票據(jù)法規(guī)定的基本類別則為:匯票、支票和本票(promissory note,也作note)。票據(jù)也可按其流通性質(zhì)分為流通票據(jù)(negotiable instruments)和不流通票據(jù)(non-negotiable instruments)兩種。前者如:promissory notes (本票),checks (支票),bill of exchanges (匯票),bank notes (銀行券),treasury bills (短期國庫券),bearer-bond (不記有擔保名債券),bearer debentures (不記名無擔保債券), share warrants (認股證書),bearer scrip certificate (持有人憑證),negotiable certificates of deposit (流通存款單),dividend warrants (紅利支付單),interest warrants (利息支付單), banker's drafts (銀行匯票),circular notes (定額流通旅行券); 后者如:letters of allot (認股分配書),postal orders (郵政匯票),money orders (匯款單),pension warrants (年金支付單), child benefit orders (兒童津貼付款單)等。有些票據(jù),如旅行支票(travelers check),則有可流通旅行支票和不可流通旅行支票兩種[2]。
相比較,盡管document的含義較廣,可指任何記錄信息或證明事實的文據(jù),包括契據(jù)、協(xié)議、文件、信函、單據(jù)等以及與法律無關(guān)的其他文據(jù)[3],但并不常用于專門表示“票據(jù)”。
[1] Cf. The Publisher's Editorial Staff,Black's Law Dictionary, abridged 6th edition, at p. 550,West Publishing Co. (1991).
[2] 參如李榮甫、宋雷編:《法律英語教程》,法律出版社1999年版,第 184 頁。
[3] "Document and instrument are similar in meaning, but document is slightly broader. Document refers to anything written,whereas instrument usually refers to a legal document with a specific legal import. " Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, A Dictionary of Modem Legal Usage, 2nd edition, at p. 289, Oxford University Press (1995).
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