明清中央政府設(shè)置相同,其地方政府一般可以分為省、府(州/ 廳)、縣三級。明朝臨時派遣的總督、巡撫在清代成為省級最高行政長官??偠接址Q“制軍”、“制臺”,為正二品官,一般統(tǒng)轄兩省至三省的軍政大權(quán)。巡撫也稱“撫軍”、“撫臺”,從官二品,為一省的最高軍政官員。因責(zé)任重大,他們有封疆大吏之譽。督撫之下設(shè)有布政司,掌管一省錢財賦稅、民政,簡稱“蕃臺/蕃司”。還設(shè)立有按察使,主管一省司法、刑獄。府設(shè)有知府,縣設(shè)立知縣,其下實行里保和保甲制來實現(xiàn)民戶管理。
丞相 grand councilor;counselor-in-chief
中丞事 vice-manager of important national security matters
平章政事 manager of governmental affairs
昭文館大學(xué)士 grand academician of the Institute for the Glorification of Literature
平章軍國大事 manager of important national security matters
刑部尚書 ministry of justice
工部尚書 ministry of works
戶部尚書 ministry of revenue
吏部尚書 ministry of personnel
兵部尚書 minister of war
禮部尚書 director of the board of rites
理藩院尚書 ministry of the court of colonial affairs
理藩院 court of colonial affairs
府學(xué)生員 prefectural school/government student
內(nèi)閣(大)學(xué)士 ( grand) secretary of the grand secretariat
中憲大夫 grand master exemplar
軍機大臣 grand minister of state
榮祿大夫 grand master for glorious happiness
駐藏大臣 grand minister resident of Tibet